美国总统1美元流通硬币|建工茶场 - 第3页

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Theodore Roosevelt

西奥多·罗斯福

Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York City in 1858.  He was lieutenant colonel of the Rough Riders Regiment during the Spanish-American War and was elected governor of New York in 1898.  He became President upon the death of William McKinley in 1901 and was elected for a second term.
    西澳多·罗斯福于1858年出生在纽约市。在美西战争期间，他是莽骑兵团的中校，1898年他当选为纽约州州长。他是威廉·麦金利总统1901年身亡后的继任者，并当选下个任期。

While serving as the 26th President, Roosevelt took an active interest in the design of American coinage.  He personally sought out a renowned sculptor, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and had him redesign the "double eagle" ($20 gold coin) and the Indian head eagle ($10 gold).  Roosevelt also approved two commemorative coins:  the Louisiana Exposition gold dollar and the Lewis and Clark Exposition gold dollar.
    在罗斯福担任美国第26任总统时，表达出对美国货币设计的积极关注。他亲自找了著名的雕刻家奥古斯都·圣高登斯，重新设计了“双鹰”币（20美元金硬币）和印第安人头像与鹰的硬币（10美元金币）。他还批准发行了两枚纪念币：路易安那博览会1美元金币和刘易斯与克拉克博览会1美元金币。

After Roosevelt left office in 1909, he took some time out for an African safari, then jumped back into politics. He ran again for President in 1912, but was shot while campaigning.  He soon recovered, and died in 1919.
    罗斯福在1909年离任后，用了一段时间前往非洲探险。后来他重回政圈。1912年他再次参加总统竞选，在竞选时遭遇枪击，但他很快就康复了。他于1919年去世。

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The "double eagle" ($20 gold coin)

The Indian head eagle ($10 gold)

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只看该作者 32楼发表于: 2013-07-01

William Howard Taft

威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱

William Howard Taft was born in Cincinnati in 1857.  He was appointed as a federal circuit judge at the age of 34, served as civil administrator in the Philippines under President McKinley, and later served as President Roosevelt's Secretary of War.  He won the 27th presidency in 1908, serving one term.
    威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱于1857年出生在辛辛那提。在他34岁时被任命为联邦巡回法院的法官，在麦金利总统任期内担任菲律宾民政首长，后来担任罗斯福总统的作战部长。1908年他赢得了第27任总统，并完成了一个任期。

Taft, with Congress, authorized Treasury to re-coin underweight coins; had the Director of the Mint buy standardized weights for each Mint and assay office; and authorized up to a $100 fine for anyone making, importing, or printing coins that resemble official U.S. or foreign coins.
    塔夫脱与国会授权财政部重新核定硬币重量，要求造币局主管为各造币厂和检验室购买标准的法码。并授权对任何制造、进口、复制类似美国官方或外国硬币的行为处以最高一百美元的罚款。

After the presidency, Taft served as a professor of law at Yale University and as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, a position he held until 1930, just before his death.
    卸任后，塔夫脱担任耶鲁大学法学教授；被任命为美国最高法院首席大法官，这一职位一直担任到1930年他去世前。

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Woodrow Wilson

伍德罗·威尔逊

Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Virginia, in 1856.  He became a professor of political science and was appointed president of Princeton University in 1902.  He was elected governor of New Jersey in 1910 and 28th President of the United States just two years later.
    伍德罗·威尔逊于1856年出生在弗吉尼亚州的斯汤顿。他是一名政治学教授，1902年被任命为普林顿大学校长。1910年当选为新泽西州州长，仅两年后，就成为美国第28任总统。

With Congress, President Wilson authorized several commemorative coins:
    威尔逊与国会授权发行了几枚纪念币：
Gold and silver pieces for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition
  巴拿马太平洋国际博览会纪念金币和银币

A gold dollar for a memorial to assassinated President William McKinley
纪念威廉·麦金利总统遇刺身亡的一美元金币

50-cent pieces for the 100th anniversaries of Illinois, Maine, Missouri, and Alabama joining the Union
为庆祝伊利诺伊州、缅因州、阿拉巴马州和密苏里州加入联邦一百周年纪念的50美分纪念币。

A 50-cent piece for the 300th anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims
纪念最初移民登陆三百周年的50美分纪念币

He also signed off on the Pittman Act, to stabilize the price of silver and encourage its production. Also under Wilson, the Federal Reserve Act was passed, which provided the country with a more elastic money supply. He suffered a stroke while trying to rally support for the Versailles Treaty to ensure peace after World War I. He left office in 1921 and died in 1924.
他还签署了《皮特曼法案》，以稳定银的价格，并鼓励银的生产。此外，威尔逊还通过了《联邦储备法案》，这提供了一个更具弹性的国家货币供应。在他饱受中风之痛时，还尝试参加集会支持《凡尔赛和约》，以确保第一次世界大战后的和平。他于1921年卸任，1924年去世。

[ 此帖被二队人在2013-07-13 01:04重新编辑 ]

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2014年再续。

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Warren G. Harding: 29th President (1921 – 1923)

沃伦·G·哈丁：第二十九任总统（1921－1923）

Warren Gamaliel Harding was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio, in 1865.  He attended Iberia College, later renamed Ohio Central College, and became a newspaper publisher, teacher and insurance 推销员.  Before becoming President, he served as an Ohio state senator, Ohio lieutenant governor and U.S. senator from Ohio.  Harding won the Republican nomination for President in 1920 when the main candidates deadlocked, and he went on to win an unprecedented 60 percent of the popular vote.  He died of a heart attack in 1923, just two years into his term.
    沃伦·甘梅利尔·哈丁于1865年出生在俄亥俄的Blooming Grove。他就读于伊比利亚大学，后来这所学校改名为俄亥俄州中央大学。他曾为报纸出版商、老师和保险推销员。在成为总统之前，他担任过俄亥俄州参议员、俄亥俄州副州长和来自俄亥俄州的美国参议员。哈丁在1920年赢得了共和党总统候选人提名，而当主要总统候选人僵持不下时，他却赢得史无前例的60%的选民票。他于1923年死于心脏病，他的总统任期只有短短二年。

Coinage legislation under President Harding
在哈丁总统任期内的造币法律
Act of February 2, 1922: Authorized the Grant Memorial commemorative gold dollar and half-dollar honoring the birth of Ulysses S. Grant.
    1922年2月2日的法案：授权的格兰特纪念碑一百周年纪念一美元金纪念币和纪念尤利塞斯·S·格兰特诞辰的50美分硬币。

Act of January 24, 1923: Authorized the Monroe Doctrine Centennial commemorative half-dollar.
    1923年1月2日的法案：授权的门罗主义一百周年纪念的50美分纪念币。

Act of February 26, 1923: Authorized the Huguenot-Walloon Tercentenary commemorative half-dollar.
    1923年2月26日的法案：授权的胡格诺派－瓦隆人三百周年纪念的50美分纪念币。

United States Mint Directors Appointed by President Harding
Frank Edgar Scobey of Texas – 1922 - 1923.
    哈丁总统任命德克萨斯州的弗兰克·埃德加·斯科比为美国铸币局主管（1922－1923）。

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Act of February 2, 1922: Authorized the Grant Memorial commemorative gold dollar and half-dollar honoring the birth of Ulysses S. Grant.
1922年2月2日的法案：授权的格兰特纪念碑一百周年纪念一美元金纪念币和纪念尤利塞斯·S·格兰特诞辰的50美分硬币。
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Act of January 24, 1923: Authorized the Monroe Doctrine Centennial commemorative half-dollar.
1923年1月2日的法案：授权的门罗主义一百周年纪念的50美分纪念币。

Act of February 26, 1923: Authorized the Huguenot-Walloon Tercentenary commemorative half-dollar.
1923年2月26日的法案：授权的胡格诺派－瓦隆人三百周年纪念的50美分纪念币。

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Calvin Coolidge: 30th President (1923 – 1929)

卡尔文·柯立芝：第三十任总统（1923－1929）

John Calvin Coolidge was born in Plymouth, Vermont, on July 4, 1872.  He graduated from Amherst College with honors, entering the legal profession in Northampton, Massachusetts.  He built an illustrious political career prior to becoming President upon the death of President Warren G. Harding in 1923.  Coolidge was a city council member and mayor of Northampton; a Massachusetts state legislator, lieutenant governor, and governor; and vice president.  His presidency is most notable for its economic prosperity and （乐观）–the "Roaring Twenties."  Coolidge chose not to seek re-election in 1928 and died in 1933.
    约翰·卡尔文·柯立芝于1872年7月4日出生在佛蒙特州的普利茅斯。他以优异的成绩毕业于阿默斯特大学，在马萨诸塞州的北安普顿进入法律界。沃伦·G·哈丁总统于1923年去世后，他成为总统之前，他建立了一个杰出的政治生涯。柯立芝曾任北安普顿市议员和市长，马萨诸塞州议员、副州长、州长，副总统。他的总统任期是最令人注目的是其经济繁荣和乐观，这就是“咆哮的二十年代”。1928年，柯立芝决定不寻求连任。1933年逝世。

Coinage legislation under President Coolidge
在柯立芝总统任期内的造币法律
Act of March 17, 1924: Authorized the Stone Mountain Memorial commemorative half-dollar.
    1924年5月17日的法案：授权的斯通山纪念碑50美分纪念币。

Act of February 24, 1925: Authorized the Battle of Bennington/Vermont Sesquicentennial commemorative half-dollar.
    1925年2月24日的法案：授权的本宁顿/佛蒙特战役一百五十周年纪念50美分纪念币。

Act of May 17, 1926: Authorized the Oregon Trail Memorial commemorative half-dollar.
    1926年5月17日的法案：授权的俄勒冈小道纪念碑50美分纪念币。

Act of March 7, 1928: Authorized the Hawaiian Sesquicentennial commemorative half-dollar.
    1928年3月7日的法案：授权的夏威夷一百五十周年纪念50美分纪念币。

United States Mint Directors Appointed by President Coolidge
Robert J. Grant of Colorado – 1923 - 1933
    柯立芝总统任命科罗拉多州的罗伯特·J·格兰特为美国铸币局主管（1923－1933）。

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Act of March 17, 1924: Authorized the Stone Mountain Memorial commemorative half-dollar.
1924年5月17日的法案：授权的斯通山纪念碑50美分纪念币。

Act of February 24, 1925: Authorized the Battle of Bennington/Vermont Sesquicentennial commemorative half-dollar.
1925年2月24日的法案：授权的本宁顿/佛蒙特战役一百五十周年纪念50美分纪念币。

Act of May 17, 1926: Authorized the Oregon Trail Memorial commemorative half-dollar.
1926年5月17日的法案：授权的俄勒冈小道纪念碑50美分纪念币。

Act of March 7, 1928: Authorized the Hawaiian Sesquicentennial commemorative half-dollar.
1928年3月7日的法案：授权的夏威夷一百五十周年纪念50美分纪念币。

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Herbert Hoover: 31st President (1929 – 1933)

赫伯特·胡佛：第三十一任总统（1929－1933）

Herbert Clark Hoover was born in West Branch, Iowa, in 1874 and grew up in Oregon.  He earned a bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 1895 and became a mining engineer.  He held government（部门） as a public administrator, food relief coordinator and as secretary of commerce under Presidents Harding and Coolidge.  This led to his nomination for the presidency in 1928, which was quickly overtaken by the Great Depression, for which he was blamed.  He was badly defeated in the election of 1932.  After leaving office, Hoover retired to New York City and wrote articles, books and answers to as many as 20,000 letters a month.  He died there in 1964.
    赫伯特·克拉克·胡佛于1874年出生在艾奥瓦州的西布兰奇，成长于俄勒冈州。1895年获得斯坦福大学学士学位，并成为采矿工程师。他曾在政府部门担任过公共管理者和食品救济协调员，在哈丁总统和柯立芝总统的任期内担任商务部长。这些经历，使他获得了1928年的总统提名；而他的任期刚好遇上大萧条时期，为此他被指责。他1932年的大选中惨败。卸任后，胡佛退隐在纽约市，并撰文、写书，一个月的回复多达20000封。1964年他纽约市去世。

Coinage legislation under President Hoover
在胡佛总统任期内的造币法律
Act of March 4, 1931: Authorized the secretary of the treasury to change the design of the 25-cent piece to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington.
    1931年3月4日的法案：授权财政部改变25美分硬币的设计，以纪念乔治·华盛顿诞辰二百周年。

United States Mint Directors Appointed by President Hoover
President Hoover did not appoint any United States Mint directors.
    胡佛总统在任期内没有任命美国铸币局主管。

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纪念乔治·华盛顿诞辰二百周年25美分硬币

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Franklin D. Roosevelt: 32nd President (1933 – 1945)

福兰克林·D·罗斯福：第三十二任总统（1933－1945）

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York, in 1882.  He graduated from Harvard and attended Columbia University law school, becoming a lawyer and banker.  He served as a New York state senator and governor and assistant secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson.  After securing the Democratic nomination for President in 1932, he campaigned vigorously while promising the New Deal to address the Nation's dire economic situation.  Although he had been stricken with polio in 1921, Roosevelt went on to be （认为） one of our most （重要的） chief executives, presiding over both the Great Depression and World War II.  He served three full terms and died in Warm Springs, Georgia, in 1945, just a few months after beginning his fourth.
    富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福于1882年出生在纽约州的海德公园。他毕业于哈佛大学，曾就读于哥伦比亚大学法学院，并成为律师和银行家。他曾担任纽约州参议员和州长，并在伍德罗·威尔逊总统任期内担任海军部长助理。1932年赢得民主党总统候选人提名后，他积极竞选，同时承诺以“新政”来解决国家严峻的经济形势。尽管他在1921年已经患上脊髓灰质炎病，但他仍完整地履行了他的三个任期，任期内度过了经济大萧条时期和第二次世界大战。罗斯福仍被认为是美国最重要的总统之一。然而，在他开始履行他的第四个任期仅短短的几个月后，于1945年（4月12日）在乔治亚州的沃姆斯普林斯（温泉镇）去世。

Coinage legislation under President Roosevelt
在罗斯总统任期内的造币法律
Act of June 19, 1934: Required the proportion of silver to gold in the monetary stocks of the United States to be increased and maintained at one-fourth of the value of the Nation's monetary reserve. It authorized the treasury secretary of the Treasury to purchase silver at home and abroad.
1934年6月19日的法案：必须提高白银和黄金在美国货币股市的比例，以及维持白银和黄金在国家货币储备价值中占四分之一的比例。并授权财政部部长购买国内外白银。

Act of August 13, 1935: Authorized the secretary of war to transfer to the jurisdiction and control of the secretary of the treasury （部分） of the property within the Fort Knox Military Reservation in Kentucky. The secretary of the treasury was authorized to （建造） a building for use as a depository and for carrying out any other （用途） or duties of the department.
    1935年8月13日的法案：授权战争部长把肯塔基州的诺克斯堡内的军事保留用地的部分财产的管辖权和控制权转移到财政部长。授权财政部长建造一座大楼以用作仓库，以及作为财政部履行职责或其他用途。

Act of June 22, 1936: Appropriated approximately $1.48 million through June 30, 1937, to cover the cost of transporting bullion and coins from the mints and assay offices to the Fort Knox Bullion Depository.
    1936年6月22日的法案：1937年6月30日通过拨款148万美元，以弥补硬币从造币厂、检验室运送到诺克斯堡的金银储备库的运输费用。

Act of August 21, 1937: Authorized the secretary of war to transfer to the jurisdiction and control of the secretary of the treasury （部分） of the property within the West Point Military Reservation in New York. Authorized the secretary of the treasury to （建造） a building for use as a depository and for carrying out any other （功能） or duties of the treasury department.
    1937年8月21日的法案：授权战争部长把纽约州的西点军校内的军事保留用地的部分财产的管辖权和控制权转移财政部长。授权财政部长建造一座大楼以用作仓库和作为财政部履行职责或其他用途。

United States Mint Directors Appointed by President Roosevelt
Nellie Taylor Ross of Wyoming – 1933 - 1953
    罗斯福总统任命怀俄明州的娜莉·泰勒·罗斯为美国铸币局主管（1933－1953）。

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2015年

Harry S. Truman: 33rd President (1945 – 1953)

哈里·S·杜鲁门：第三十三任总统（1945年－1953年）

Harry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, in 1884.  After serving in the Missouri National Guard and the U.S. Army, he was elected county court judge before serving two terms in the U.S. Senate.
    哈里·S·杜鲁门于1884年出生在密苏里州的拉马尔，在密苏里州国民警卫队和美国军队服役后，他被选为县法院法官，之后，担任两届美国参议员。

Truman was elected vice president in November 1944.  In less than three months of his term, he was thrust into the presidency following the sudden death of his predecessor in April 1945.  He told reporters, “I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me.”
    1944年11月杜鲁门当选副总统。在他不到三个月的任期时，他的前任于1945年4月突然去世，他被推到了总统的位置。他告诉记者，“我感觉就象月亮、星星、以及所有行星都落在我的身上。”

Indeed, Truman faced critical foreign and domestic challenges during his two-term presidency, including guiding the nation through the final stages of the war against Japan and avoiding a recession during the transition from war to peace; preventing the spread of （共产主义）; and addressing civil rights issues. Highlights of his presidency include the:
    事实上，杜鲁门在他的两个总统任期内，面临着至关重要的国内外问题的挑战，包括指导国家通过对日战争的最后阶段，避免从战争到和平的过渡期间的经济衰退；防止共产主义蔓延；处理民权问题。他担任总统时的重点包括：

Truman Doctrine, affirming the United States' willingness to provide military aid to countries resisting （共产主义）.
    杜鲁门主义，肯定了美国为抵制共产主义的国家提供军事援助的意愿。

Marshall Plan, a strategy for reviving the economies of the European （国家）
    马歇尔计划，一个为振兴欧洲国家经济的战略。

Negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance to protect Western （国家）.
    北大西洋组织的谈判，以军事同盟保护西方国家。

Fair Deal, a program outlining his agenda for domestic economic growth and social reform.
    公平交易，一个概述他对国内经济和社会改革的议程计划。

Use of executive orders to end racial segregation in the armed forces and civil service.
    用行政命令来结束军队与公务员的种族隔离问题。

Appointment of eighteen women to high ranking posts, including Georgia Neese Clark, the first U.S. Treasurer.
    任命了十八名女性出任高级职务，包括美国首位女财政部长－－乔治亚·尼斯·克拉克。

Coinage legislation enacted during presidency:
    总统任期内的货币立法：

Private Law 438, 79th Congress, 60 Stat. 1134-1135, approved March 22, 1946: Authorized a Congressional Gold Medal to General of the Army George Catlett Marshall and Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King.
    依据第79届国会，私法438篇，60规约第1134、1135节的规定，1946年3月22日批准，授予陆军上将乔治·卡特利特·马歇尔和海军上将欧内斯特·约瑟夫·金以国会金质奖章。

Private Law 831, 79th Congress, 60 Stat. 1297-1298, approved August 7, 1946: Congressional Gold Medal to General of the Armies of the United States John J. Pershing.
    依据第79届国会，私法831篇，60规约第1297、1298节的规定，1946年8月7日批准，授予陆军上将约翰·J·潘兴以国会金质奖章。

Private Law 884, 79th Congress, 60 Stat. 1319, approved August 8, 1946: Congressional Gold Medal to Brigadier General William Mitchell.
    依据第79届国会，私法884篇，60规约第1319节规定，1946年8月8日批准，授予威廉米切尔准将以国会金质奖章。

Act of August 12, 1949: Authorized a Congressional Gold Medal to Vice President Alben W. Barkley.
    1949年8月12日的法案，授予副总统阿尔本·W·巴克利以国会金质奖章。

Act of August 7, 1946: Authorized the coinage of 50-cent pieces to commemorate the life and perpetuate the ideals and teachings of Booker T. Washington.
    1946年8月7日的法案，授权铸造50美分硬币以纪念布克·T·华盛顿的生命与延续、理想与教育的理念。

Act of August 7, 1946: Authorized the coinage of 50-cent pieces to commemorate the one-hundredth anniversary of the admission of Iowa into the Union as a State.
    1946年8月7日的法案，授权铸造50美分硬币以庆祝艾奥瓦成为联邦的一个州的一百周年纪念。

Act of June 5, 1947: Amended section 3539 of the Revised Statutes, relating to taking trial pieces of coins. The change authorized selecting 10, instead of two, coins for the Annual Assay.
    1947年6月5日的法案，对《修订后的规约》第3539节进行修订，涉及对硬币试件的检测。全年对硬币的检测，授权变更为选择10枚，而不是2枚。

Act of June 14, 1947: Amended
（节） 3533 and 3536 of the Revised Statutes with respect to （误差） in standard of ingots and weight of silver coins. （误差） from the weights of each of America's four silver coins were to be six grains for the dollar, four grains for the half-dollar, three grains for the quarter, and one and one-half grains for the dime.
    1947年6月14日的法案，对《修订后规约》第3533节和第3536节进行修订，是有关铸锭的标准和银币的重量的误差问题。美国的四种银硬币每枚重量的误差应在：一美元硬币误差在6格令，50美分硬币误差在4格令，25美分硬币误差在3格令，10美分硬币误差在1.5格令。

Act of May 10, 1950: Amended section 3526 of the Revised Statutes relating to coinage of subsidiary silver coins. The gain arising from the coinage of silver from bullion was to be credited to a newly established silver-profit fund, among whose several uses was to cover the cost of distributing silver coins. (One of the last laws on circulating silver coins.)
    1950年5月10日的法案，对《修订后规约》第3526节进行修订，是有关辅助银硬币的制造问题。从银币和金条制造所带来的收益记入一个新成立的银利润基金，其中的一些用途是支付银硬币分配的成本（这是在流通银硬币最后的一个法律）。

Act of September 21, 1951: Authorized the coinage of 50-cent pieces to commemorate the lives and perpetuate the ideals and teachings of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver, two great Americans. Amended the Act of August 7, 1946.
    1951年9月21日的法案，授权铸造50美分硬币纪念美国两位伟人：布克·T·华盛顿和乔治华盛顿卡弗的生命与延续和理想与教育的理念。1946年8月7日的法案的修订。

United States Mint Directors Appointed:
美国铸币局主管的任命：
Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming (fourth term), May 1933 – April 1953
    怀俄明州的娜莉·泰勒·罗斯（第四个任期），1933年5月－1953年4月。