美国总统1美元流通硬币|建工茶场

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美国总统1美元流通硬币

总统1美元流通硬币计划，是为纪念那些为美国带来荣誉，而且已故至少两年的美国历届总统，并依他们的任届顺序发行。这个计划始于2007年，发行期约10年。与萨卡加维亚1美元流通硬币相比，总统1美元硬币每年将发行四枚。

在这枚硬币的正面将显示：每位总统最具特色的肖像、姓名、任届和任期的起始与结束年。
每枚总统1元硬币的背面都显示自由女神像。

对这个计划，法律要求用自由女神像的形像来代表思想自由。全世界的人都知道美国是个自由的国家，而自由女神像就是自由的象征。1886年，美国总统格罗弗·克利夫兰在接受来自法国的自由女神像时说，“我们不会忘记，自由已经在这里扎根。”

法国送给美国的自由女神像，是在美国宣布脱离英国独立110年时运到美国的。这座雕像象征着在美国独立战争期间，美国与法国之间的友谊。

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Richard M. Nixon: 37th President (1969 – 1974)

第三十七任总统：查理德·M·尼克松（1969-1974)

Richard Milhous Nixon was born January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California, and raised in nearby Whittier. He attended Whittier College and Duke University Law School, and then went on to practice law. During World War II, he served as a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy.
    查理德·米尔豪斯·尼克松，于1913年1月9日出生加州的约巴琳达，在惠蒂尔附近长大。他就读于惠蒂尔学院和杜克大学法学院，后继续从事法律工作。在第二次世界大战期间，他曾担任美国海军少校。

Once the war ended, Nixon successfully ran for Congress in 1946, where he gained national attention for his role in the investigation of charges against former State Department official Alger Hiss. In 1950, he won a seat in the U.S. Senate, serving until 1952, when he was elected vice president.
   在1946年，战争结束后的1946年，尼克松就成功竞选为国会议员，他在对前国务院官员阿尔杰·希斯的调查指控所起的作用，使他赢得国民的瞩目。1950年他当选为美国参议院议员，议员任期直到1952 年他被选定为副总统为止。

Nixon campaigned for the presidency in 1960 but lost by less than 120,000 votes or 0.2 percent of the popular vote. A subsequent bid for governor in 1962 also ended in defeat. In 1968 Nixon campaigned for president again and won. He served until 1974, when he resigned to avoid impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal. He is the only president to resign the office.
   1960年尼克松竞选总统失败，所获大众选票不到120，000张即0.2%。随后在1962年竞选州长也以失败告终。1968年尼克松再次竞选总统，并赢得总统竞选。他任期到1974年为止。因其在水门事件中所处的角色，为避免被弹劾，他提出辞职。他是唯一一位辞职的总统。

Highlights of Nixon’s administration include:
尼克松的施政亮点包括：

Signing of the Paris Peace Accords ending U.S. involvement in Vietnam
   签署了巴黎和平协议结束了美国在越南的军事介入。

Improving international (关系) with China and the U.S.S.R.
   与中国和苏联共同改善国际关系。

Ending the military draft
   结束征兵。

Creating the Environmental Protection Agency
   创建环境保护署。

Gerald R. Ford: 38th President (1974 – 1977)

第三十八任总统：杰拉尔德·R·福特（1974-1977）

Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska. Following the separation and eventual divorce of his parents, his mother married Gerald R. Ford, a Grand Rapids paint salesman. His name was legally changed in 1935.
   杰拉尔德·鲁道夫·福特，原名小莱斯利·林奇·金，于1913年7月14日出生在内布拉斯加州的奥马哈市。随后，他的父母分居，并最终离了婚。他的母亲嫁给大溪城一名叫杰拉尔德·R·福特的油漆推销员。1935年他依法更改了姓名。

Ford graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1935 and later Yale, where he earned a law degree while coaching the football team.
   1935年福特毕业于密歇根大学安娜堡分校。稍后，他在耶鲁大学学习，在执教橄榄球队同时，并获得了法学学士学位。

Following a stint in the U.S. Navy during World War II, Ford campaigned for the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from January 3, 1949 to December 6, 1973. He was appointed vice president in 1973, and almost a year later, he was thrust into the presidency when Richard Nixon resigned.
   在第二次世界大战期间，他在美国海军服役。福特竞选为美国众议院议员，任期从1949年1月3日至1973年12月6日。1973年他被任命为副总统，差不多一年后，当查理德·尼克松辞职后，他被推到总统的职位。

Highlights of Ford’s administration include:
福特施政的亮点包括：

Initiating a program to grant clemency to Vietnam War-era draft evaders
   启动赦免越南战争期间逃避兵役者程序。

Launching the Whip Inflation Now (WIN) program, designed to curb inflation
   启动《马上打击通胀计划》（简称WIN），旨在抑制通货膨胀。

Signing the Federal (竞选) Campaign Act of 1974, an early attempt at campaign finance reform
   签署1974年联邦竞选法案，一个可尽早筹备竞选资金的改革。

Granting Richard Nixon a full pardon, becoming the first sitting president to testify before a congressional committee to explain his action
   给予查理德·米尔豪斯·尼克松完全赦免，成为第一位在任总统向国会委员会作证来解释他的行为。

第四十任总统：罗纳德·里根（1981-1989）

Ronald Reagan: 40th President (1981 – 1989)

Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois. He worked his way through Eureka College and then landed a job as a radio announcer.
   罗纳德·威尔逊·里根，于1911年2月6日出生在伊利诺伊州的坦皮科。他通过他在尤里卡大学的经历，于是找到了一份在电台播音员的工作。

Reagan developed an interest in acting while in college and in 1937 he landed a contract with a major studio. He appeared in more than 50 films, including training films during World War II while serving in the Army Air Corps.
   里根在大学期间对表演产生了浓厚兴趣。1937年，他与一间专业电影公司签订了一份合同。他演出了五十多部电影，包括在第二次世界大战期间，在空军服役时所拍的训练电影。

Reagan also had a keen interest in politics and in 1966, he successfully ran for governor of California, serving two terms. He unsuccessfully challenged President Ford for the Republican nomination in 1976 and defeated Jimmy Carter four years later, becoming the nation's 40th president on January 20, 1981.
   里根对政治也有浓厚的兴趣。1966年，他成功竞选加州州长，并担任了两个任期。1976年共和党提名他挑战福特总统结果失败，四年后击败吉米·卡特，1981年1月20日成为美国第四十任总统。

Highlights of Reagan’s administration include:
里根的施政亮点包括：

Promotion of an economic program aimed at boosting the economy through a combination of tax cuts, deregulation and restraint in domestic spending
   推行促进经济发展的计划，旨在通过减税、放松管制和限制国内消费来推动经济增长。

Negotiation of a treaty with the Soviet Union that eliminated intermediate-range nuclear arms
   与苏联达成条约,消除中程核武器。

Appointing the first woman to the U.S. Supreme Court
   任命了美国最高法院的首位女法官。

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Lyndon B. Johnson: 36th President (1963 – 1969)

林登·B·约翰逊：第三十六任总统（1963年－1969年）

Lyndon  Baines “LBJ” Johnson was born August 27, 1908, in central Texas.  He graduated from Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now Texas State University-San Marcos).
   林登·贝恩斯“LBJ”·约翰逊于1908年8月27日出生在德克萨斯州的中部。他毕业于西南德克萨斯州立师范大学（现为德克萨斯州立大学圣马科斯分校）。

Johnson successfully campaigned for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1937 where he served six years before moving on to serve 12 years in the U.S. Senate.
   在1937年约翰逊成功当选美国众议院议员，担任六年众议员后，又成功当选美国参议院议员，并连续担任了十二年参议员。

Johnson became the nation’s 37th vice president in 1961.  He had held that office for less than three years, when John F. Kennedy's assassination thrust him into the presidency.  During a joint session of Congress to present his plans for leading the nation after Kennedy's death, he said, “All that I have I would have given gladly not to be standing here today.”
   1961年约翰逊成为美国第三十七任副总统。他在任不到三年，当约翰F肯尼迪遇刺身亡后，他被推到了总统的宝座。在一个国会联席会议上，提出了他在肯尼迪去世后领导国家的计划，他说：“我所拥有的一切，我会非常乐意奉献出来，而非因为此时的身份。”

During his administration, President Johnson promoted his vision of “The Great Society” and tackled issues such as poverty, inequality in education, voting rights and （保护大自然）.  However, it was the conflict between North and South Vietnam that took center stage both at home and abroad.
   在执政期间，约翰逊总统推行他的“伟大的社会”愿景，解决诸如：贫困、教育不平等、投票权和保护大自然等问题。然而。越南的南北冲突却成为了国内外的中心舞台。

Additional highlights of Johnson's presidency include:
   约翰逊总统的其它重点包括：

Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Open Housing Act of 1968
   通过了1964年的民权法案、1965年的投票权法案和1968年的开放住房法案。

Passage of legislation creating the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities and the National Endowment for the Humanities
   通过立法创建艺术和人文学科的国家捐赠基金，以及人文国家捐赠基金。

Passage of the Highway Safety Act
   通过公路安全法案。

Passage of the Public Broadcasting Act
   通过公共广播法案。

Passage of Social Security Act 1965, which created the Medicare and Medicaid programs
   通过1965年社会安全法案，创建了医疗保险和医疗补助计划。

Apollo 8, the first manned spacecraft to orbit the moon
   阿波罗8号，第一艘载人飞船进入月球轨道。

Coinage legislation enacted during presidency:
   总统任期内的货币立法：

Coinage Act of 1965:  Amended the act of 1792, eliminated silver from the dime, and quarter and substantially reducing the amount of silver in the half-dollar.
   1965年的造币法案：修正1792年的法案，消除10美分和25美分硬币中银的涵量，大幅减少50美分硬币中银的含量。

United States Mint Directors Appointed:
   美国铸币局主管的任命：
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John F. Kennedy: 35th President (1961 – 1963)

约翰·F·肯尼迪：第三十五任总统（1961年－1963年）

John Fitzgerald “Jack” Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917.  He enrolled in Harvard in 1940 and during his senior year, wrote his thesis on Great Britain's lack of readiness for war with Germany, which was later published as Why England Slept.
   约翰·菲茨杰拉克“杰克”·肯尼迪于1917年5月29日出生在马萨诸塞州的布鲁克林。他于1940年入学哈佛大学，在他大四时，他写了一篇关于英德战争中英国缺乏战争准备为主题的文章，后来出版时称为《英国为什么沉睡》。

Despite numerous health problems, Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy after graduation, and was sent to the South Pacific where he was injured when the patrol torpedo boat he commanded was rammed by an enemy warship.  Despite his injuries, Kennedy guided the surviving crew members to safety and was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal and a Purple Heart for his （英雄气慨）.
   尽管有许多健康问题，肯尼迪毕业后加入了美国海军，并被派往南太平洋，在那里，他指挥的鱼雷快艇被敌舰撞毁，他受了伤。尽管受伤，肯尼迪仍带领幸存的船员到达安全的地方。为表彰他的英雄气慨，他被授予海军和海军陆战队勋章，以及一枚紫心勋章。

Following his military service, Kennedy worked as a reporter for a brief period before successfully running for the U.S. Congress, first serving six years in the House of Representatives (1947 – 1953) and then seven years in the U.S. Senate (1953 – 1960).  During his tenure in the senate, while recuperating from back surgery, Kennedy penned his Pulitzer Prize winning book, Profiles in Courage.
   兵役结束后，肯尼迪曾短暂当过一名记者，后来成功竞选成为美国国会议员，首次担任众议院议员六年（1947年－1953年），然后担任参议院议员七年（1953年－1960年）。在担任美国参议员期间，他做了一次背部手术，在康复期间他写了一部名为《当仁不让》的书，获得了普策利图书奖。

The Democratic Party nominated Kennedy as its candidate for President in 1960.  He won the election by a （小） margin, becoming the youngest man elected president and the first Roman Catholic to hold the office.  Kennedy was in office less than three years when he was struck down by an assassin's bullet on November 22, 1963.
   1960年民主党提名肯尼迪为总统候选人。他以一个小优势赢得大选，成为最年轻的当选总统和首位信奉罗马天主教的总统。肯尼迪在任不到三年的时间，1963年11月22日他被刺客的子弹击中身亡。

Highlights of President Kennedy's administration include the:
   肯尼迪总统施政的重点包括：

Launch of the first American manned spaceflight, Freedom 7.
   美国第一次发射载人航天飞行－－自由7号。

Bay of Pigs, an attempt to overthrow Cuban leader Fidel Castro.
   猪湾事件，企图推翻古巴领导人菲德尔·卡斯特罗。

Cuban Missile Crisis, the confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over nuclear missiles in Cuba.
   古巴导弹危机，在古巴核导弹问题上美国与苏联之间的对抗。

Signing of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, an agreement between the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union to ban nuclear （武器） testing in the atmosphere, in space, and underwater.
   签署有限禁止核试验条约，在美国、英国和苏联之间协议，禁止在大气、空间和水下进行核武器试验。

Establishment of the Peace Corps.
   建立维和部队。

United States Mint Directors Appointed:
   美国铸币局主管的任命：

Eva Adams of Nevada – 1961–1969
   内华达州的伊娃·亚当斯，1961年－1969年

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Dwight D. Eisenhower: 34th President (1953 – 1961)

德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔：第三十四任总统（1953年－1961年）

Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower was born October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas.  After graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1915, he carved out a distinguished military career that included commanding the Allied Forces that landed in North Africa, serving as supreme commander of the troops invading France on D-Day, and serving as the first supreme commander of North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces.  For a brief period, he also was president of Columbia University.
    德怀特·戴维“艾克”·艾森豪威尔于1890年10月14日出生在德克萨斯州的丹尼森。1915年在美国西点军校毕业后，他创出了一个杰出的军事生涯，其中包括统领盟军登陆北非，担任入侵法国诺曼底登陆部队的最高统帅，并担任北大西洋组织部队的首任最高统帅。有一个短暂的时期，他还担任哥伦比亚大学的校长。

Once Eisenhower retired from active service, he announced his candidacy for president.  He won an impressive victory and took the oath of office on January 20, 1953.  The next day he wrote: “My first day at the President's Desk.  Plenty of worries and difficult problems.  But such has been my portion for a long time – the result is that this just seems (today) like a continuation of all I’ve been doing since July ’41 – even before that!”
    艾森豪尔曾经宣布他退役后将竞选总统。他赢得了一个令人印象深刻的竞选胜利，并于1953年1月20日宣誓就职。次日，他写道：“我在总统办公室的第一天，就遇到了很多忧虑和困难的问题。而遇到的这些众多的忧虑和困难的问题，一直是我在较长时期工作的一部分，这似乎（今天）就像我自41年7月、或是更早之前所做的工作的一个延续！”

Eisenhower went on to serve two terms in office. Highlights of his presidency include:
    艾森豪威尔连续了两个总统任期。他的总统任期内的重点包括：

Negotiating an armistice in the Korean War.
    朝鲜战争停战协定谈判。

Participating in the Geneva Conference on Indochina, which resulted in the portioning of Vietnam.
    共同参与日内瓦会议上的印度支那问题，导致越南的分割。

Launching the first atomic submarine, the U.S.S. Nautilus.
    美国海军第一艘核潜艇鹦鹉螺号下水。

Establishing the President's Council on Youth Fitness, the precursor of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
    建立总统青年健康委员会，它是总统体育运动委员会的前身。

Establishing the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
    建立卫生、教育和福利部。

Signing legislation creating the Interstate Highway program.
    签署立法打造州际公路项目。

Sending federal troops to enforce the court-ordered integration of Little Rock Central High School.
    派遣联邦军队执行小石城中心高中一体化的法院命令。

Signing the 1957 Civil Rights Act, the first civil rights legislation since （重建）.
    1957年签订民权法案，这是自第一个民权立法以来的重建。

Signing legislation in 1958 creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    1958年签署立法，创建美国国家航空和航天局。

Signing legislation admitting Alaska and Hawaii into the Union as the 49th and 50th states, respectively.
    签署立法接纳阿拉斯加和夏威夷加入联邦，分别成为第四十九个和第五十个州。

Coinage legislation enacted during presidency:
    总统任期内的货币立法：

Act of July 11, 1955 – Provided that all United States currency shall bear the inscription “In God We Trust.”
    1955年7月11日的法案，规定美国所有的货币必须题刻“我们信奉上帝”。

Joint Resolution of July 30, 1956 – Declared “In God We Trust” the national motto of the United States.
    1956年7月30日的两院共同决议案，公开宣布“我们信奉上帝”是美国的国家格言。

Act of June 30, 1954 – Amended Section 3528 of the Revised Statutes, relating to the metal fund for the purchase of metal for minor coins, and doubles the amount that can be spent by the Bureau of the Mint from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000.
    1954年6月30日的法案，修正《修订后规约》的第3528节，有关黄金基金对黄金购买小硬币的问题，以及双倍额度支配的问题，即铸币局可以支配的额度从一百万美元升到二百万美元。

Act of July 9, 1956 – Increased the amount for the purchase of metal for minor coinage to $3,000,000 and amended Section 3526 of the Revised Statutes to authorize use of the bullion fund for silver coinage to also cover the cost of the alloy metal.
    1956年7月9日的法案，增加用黄金购买小硬币的额度至三百万美元，并修正《修订后规约》的第3526节，以授权使用黄金基金支付银币和合金金属的成本。

Treasury Order 179 dated November 19, 1953 – Transferred coin distribution from the Treasurer of the United States to the Bureau of the Mint.  The Mint would now transfer current and uncurrent coins among the Mints, the Federal Reserve Banks and branches, and the Treasurer of the United States.
    财政部1953年11月19日第179号令，硬币分配权由美国财政部转到美国铸币局。造币厂的通用的和不通用的硬币现在将在各造币厂、联邦储备银行和它的分支机构、美国财政部之间转移。

United States Mint Directors Appointed:
美国铸币局主管的任命：

William H. Brett of Ohio – July 1954 – January 1961
    俄亥俄州的威廉·H·布雷特，1954年7月－1961年1月。

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好帖，值得顶！

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好帖，值得顶！

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1951年纪念美国两位伟人

布克·T·华盛顿和乔治华盛顿卡弗的

生命与延续和理想与教育的理念的50美分硬币

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庆祝艾奥瓦成为联邦的一个州的一百周年纪念50美分硬币

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1946年纪念布克·T·华盛顿的生命与延续、理想与教育的理念的50美分硬币

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2015年

Harry S. Truman: 33rd President (1945 – 1953)

哈里·S·杜鲁门：第三十三任总统（1945年－1953年）

Harry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, in 1884.  After serving in the Missouri National Guard and the U.S. Army, he was elected county court judge before serving two terms in the U.S. Senate.
    哈里·S·杜鲁门于1884年出生在密苏里州的拉马尔，在密苏里州国民警卫队和美国军队服役后，他被选为县法院法官，之后，担任两届美国参议员。

Truman was elected vice president in November 1944.  In less than three months of his term, he was thrust into the presidency following the sudden death of his predecessor in April 1945.  He told reporters, “I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me.”
    1944年11月杜鲁门当选副总统。在他不到三个月的任期时，他的前任于1945年4月突然去世，他被推到了总统的位置。他告诉记者，“我感觉就象月亮、星星、以及所有行星都落在我的身上。”

Indeed, Truman faced critical foreign and domestic challenges during his two-term presidency, including guiding the nation through the final stages of the war against Japan and avoiding a recession during the transition from war to peace; preventing the spread of （共产主义）; and addressing civil rights issues. Highlights of his presidency include the:
    事实上，杜鲁门在他的两个总统任期内，面临着至关重要的国内外问题的挑战，包括指导国家通过对日战争的最后阶段，避免从战争到和平的过渡期间的经济衰退；防止共产主义蔓延；处理民权问题。他担任总统时的重点包括：

Truman Doctrine, affirming the United States' willingness to provide military aid to countries resisting （共产主义）.
    杜鲁门主义，肯定了美国为抵制共产主义的国家提供军事援助的意愿。

Marshall Plan, a strategy for reviving the economies of the European （国家）
    马歇尔计划，一个为振兴欧洲国家经济的战略。

Negotiation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance to protect Western （国家）.
    北大西洋组织的谈判，以军事同盟保护西方国家。

Fair Deal, a program outlining his agenda for domestic economic growth and social reform.
    公平交易，一个概述他对国内经济和社会改革的议程计划。

Use of executive orders to end racial segregation in the armed forces and civil service.
    用行政命令来结束军队与公务员的种族隔离问题。

Appointment of eighteen women to high ranking posts, including Georgia Neese Clark, the first U.S. Treasurer.
    任命了十八名女性出任高级职务，包括美国首位女财政部长－－乔治亚·尼斯·克拉克。

Coinage legislation enacted during presidency:
    总统任期内的货币立法：

Private Law 438, 79th Congress, 60 Stat. 1134-1135, approved March 22, 1946: Authorized a Congressional Gold Medal to General of the Army George Catlett Marshall and Fleet Admiral Ernest Joseph King.
    依据第79届国会，私法438篇，60规约第1134、1135节的规定，1946年3月22日批准，授予陆军上将乔治·卡特利特·马歇尔和海军上将欧内斯特·约瑟夫·金以国会金质奖章。

Private Law 831, 79th Congress, 60 Stat. 1297-1298, approved August 7, 1946: Congressional Gold Medal to General of the Armies of the United States John J. Pershing.
    依据第79届国会，私法831篇，60规约第1297、1298节的规定，1946年8月7日批准，授予陆军上将约翰·J·潘兴以国会金质奖章。

Private Law 884, 79th Congress, 60 Stat. 1319, approved August 8, 1946: Congressional Gold Medal to Brigadier General William Mitchell.
    依据第79届国会，私法884篇，60规约第1319节规定，1946年8月8日批准，授予威廉米切尔准将以国会金质奖章。

Act of August 12, 1949: Authorized a Congressional Gold Medal to Vice President Alben W. Barkley.
    1949年8月12日的法案，授予副总统阿尔本·W·巴克利以国会金质奖章。

Act of August 7, 1946: Authorized the coinage of 50-cent pieces to commemorate the life and perpetuate the ideals and teachings of Booker T. Washington.
    1946年8月7日的法案，授权铸造50美分硬币以纪念布克·T·华盛顿的生命与延续、理想与教育的理念。

Act of August 7, 1946: Authorized the coinage of 50-cent pieces to commemorate the one-hundredth anniversary of the admission of Iowa into the Union as a State.
    1946年8月7日的法案，授权铸造50美分硬币以庆祝艾奥瓦成为联邦的一个州的一百周年纪念。

Act of June 5, 1947: Amended section 3539 of the Revised Statutes, relating to taking trial pieces of coins. The change authorized selecting 10, instead of two, coins for the Annual Assay.
    1947年6月5日的法案，对《修订后的规约》第3539节进行修订，涉及对硬币试件的检测。全年对硬币的检测，授权变更为选择10枚，而不是2枚。

Act of June 14, 1947: Amended
（节） 3533 and 3536 of the Revised Statutes with respect to （误差） in standard of ingots and weight of silver coins. （误差） from the weights of each of America's four silver coins were to be six grains for the dollar, four grains for the half-dollar, three grains for the quarter, and one and one-half grains for the dime.
    1947年6月14日的法案，对《修订后规约》第3533节和第3536节进行修订，是有关铸锭的标准和银币的重量的误差问题。美国的四种银硬币每枚重量的误差应在：一美元硬币误差在6格令，50美分硬币误差在4格令，25美分硬币误差在3格令，10美分硬币误差在1.5格令。

Act of May 10, 1950: Amended section 3526 of the Revised Statutes relating to coinage of subsidiary silver coins. The gain arising from the coinage of silver from bullion was to be credited to a newly established silver-profit fund, among whose several uses was to cover the cost of distributing silver coins. (One of the last laws on circulating silver coins.)
    1950年5月10日的法案，对《修订后规约》第3526节进行修订，是有关辅助银硬币的制造问题。从银币和金条制造所带来的收益记入一个新成立的银利润基金，其中的一些用途是支付银硬币分配的成本（这是在流通银硬币最后的一个法律）。

Act of September 21, 1951: Authorized the coinage of 50-cent pieces to commemorate the lives and perpetuate the ideals and teachings of Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver, two great Americans. Amended the Act of August 7, 1946.
    1951年9月21日的法案，授权铸造50美分硬币纪念美国两位伟人：布克·T·华盛顿和乔治华盛顿卡弗的生命与延续和理想与教育的理念。1946年8月7日的法案的修订。

United States Mint Directors Appointed:
美国铸币局主管的任命：
Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming (fourth term), May 1933 – April 1953
    怀俄明州的娜莉·泰勒·罗斯（第四个任期），1933年5月－1953年4月。

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Franklin D. Roosevelt: 32nd President (1933 – 1945)

福兰克林·D·罗斯福：第三十二任总统（1933－1945）

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York, in 1882.  He graduated from Harvard and attended Columbia University law school, becoming a lawyer and banker.  He served as a New York state senator and governor and assistant secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson.  After securing the Democratic nomination for President in 1932, he campaigned vigorously while promising the New Deal to address the Nation's dire economic situation.  Although he had been stricken with polio in 1921, Roosevelt went on to be （认为） one of our most （重要的） chief executives, presiding over both the Great Depression and World War II.  He served three full terms and died in Warm Springs, Georgia, in 1945, just a few months after beginning his fourth.
    富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福于1882年出生在纽约州的海德公园。他毕业于哈佛大学，曾就读于哥伦比亚大学法学院，并成为律师和银行家。他曾担任纽约州参议员和州长，并在伍德罗·威尔逊总统任期内担任海军部长助理。1932年赢得民主党总统候选人提名后，他积极竞选，同时承诺以“新政”来解决国家严峻的经济形势。尽管他在1921年已经患上脊髓灰质炎病，但他仍完整地履行了他的三个任期，任期内度过了经济大萧条时期和第二次世界大战。罗斯福仍被认为是美国最重要的总统之一。然而，在他开始履行他的第四个任期仅短短的几个月后，于1945年（4月12日）在乔治亚州的沃姆斯普林斯（温泉镇）去世。

Coinage legislation under President Roosevelt
在罗斯总统任期内的造币法律
Act of June 19, 1934: Required the proportion of silver to gold in the monetary stocks of the United States to be increased and maintained at one-fourth of the value of the Nation's monetary reserve. It authorized the treasury secretary of the Treasury to purchase silver at home and abroad.
1934年6月19日的法案：必须提高白银和黄金在美国货币股市的比例，以及维持白银和黄金在国家货币储备价值中占四分之一的比例。并授权财政部部长购买国内外白银。

Act of August 13, 1935: Authorized the secretary of war to transfer to the jurisdiction and control of the secretary of the treasury （部分） of the property within the Fort Knox Military Reservation in Kentucky. The secretary of the treasury was authorized to （建造） a building for use as a depository and for carrying out any other （用途） or duties of the department.
    1935年8月13日的法案：授权战争部长把肯塔基州的诺克斯堡内的军事保留用地的部分财产的管辖权和控制权转移到财政部长。授权财政部长建造一座大楼以用作仓库，以及作为财政部履行职责或其他用途。

Act of June 22, 1936: Appropriated approximately $1.48 million through June 30, 1937, to cover the cost of transporting bullion and coins from the mints and assay offices to the Fort Knox Bullion Depository.
    1936年6月22日的法案：1937年6月30日通过拨款148万美元，以弥补硬币从造币厂、检验室运送到诺克斯堡的金银储备库的运输费用。

Act of August 21, 1937: Authorized the secretary of war to transfer to the jurisdiction and control of the secretary of the treasury （部分） of the property within the West Point Military Reservation in New York. Authorized the secretary of the treasury to （建造） a building for use as a depository and for carrying out any other （功能） or duties of the treasury department.
    1937年8月21日的法案：授权战争部长把纽约州的西点军校内的军事保留用地的部分财产的管辖权和控制权转移财政部长。授权财政部长建造一座大楼以用作仓库和作为财政部履行职责或其他用途。

United States Mint Directors Appointed by President Roosevelt
Nellie Taylor Ross of Wyoming – 1933 - 1953
    罗斯福总统任命怀俄明州的娜莉·泰勒·罗斯为美国铸币局主管（1933－1953）。

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纪念乔治·华盛顿诞辰二百周年25美分硬币

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Herbert Hoover: 31st President (1929 – 1933)

赫伯特·胡佛：第三十一任总统（1929－1933）

Herbert Clark Hoover was born in West Branch, Iowa, in 1874 and grew up in Oregon.  He earned a bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 1895 and became a mining engineer.  He held government（部门） as a public administrator, food relief coordinator and as secretary of commerce under Presidents Harding and Coolidge.  This led to his nomination for the presidency in 1928, which was quickly overtaken by the Great Depression, for which he was blamed.  He was badly defeated in the election of 1932.  After leaving office, Hoover retired to New York City and wrote articles, books and answers to as many as 20,000 letters a month.  He died there in 1964.
    赫伯特·克拉克·胡佛于1874年出生在艾奥瓦州的西布兰奇，成长于俄勒冈州。1895年获得斯坦福大学学士学位，并成为采矿工程师。他曾在政府部门担任过公共管理者和食品救济协调员，在哈丁总统和柯立芝总统的任期内担任商务部长。这些经历，使他获得了1928年的总统提名；而他的任期刚好遇上大萧条时期，为此他被指责。他1932年的大选中惨败。卸任后，胡佛退隐在纽约市，并撰文、写书，一个月的回复多达20000封。1964年他纽约市去世。

Coinage legislation under President Hoover
在胡佛总统任期内的造币法律
Act of March 4, 1931: Authorized the secretary of the treasury to change the design of the 25-cent piece to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington.
    1931年3月4日的法案：授权财政部改变25美分硬币的设计，以纪念乔治·华盛顿诞辰二百周年。

United States Mint Directors Appointed by President Hoover
President Hoover did not appoint any United States Mint directors.
    胡佛总统在任期内没有任命美国铸币局主管。

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Act of March 17, 1924: Authorized the Stone Mountain Memorial commemorative half-dollar.
1924年5月17日的法案：授权的斯通山纪念碑50美分纪念币。

Act of February 24, 1925: Authorized the Battle of Bennington/Vermont Sesquicentennial commemorative half-dollar.
1925年2月24日的法案：授权的本宁顿/佛蒙特战役一百五十周年纪念50美分纪念币。

Act of May 17, 1926: Authorized the Oregon Trail Memorial commemorative half-dollar.
1926年5月17日的法案：授权的俄勒冈小道纪念碑50美分纪念币。

Act of March 7, 1928: Authorized the Hawaiian Sesquicentennial commemorative half-dollar.
1928年3月7日的法案：授权的夏威夷一百五十周年纪念50美分纪念币。

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